ISO 14001:2015 Clause 9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation

9.1.1 General

The organization shall monitor, measure, analyse and evaluate its environmental performance.
The organization shall determine:
a) what needs to be monitored and measured;
b) the methods for monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation, as applicable, to ensure valid results;
c) the criteria against which the organization will evaluate its environmental performance, and appropriate indicators;
d) when the monitoring and measuring shall be performed;
e) when the results from monitoring and measurement shall be analysed and evaluated.
The organization shall ensure that calibrated or verified monitoring and measurement equipment is used and maintained, as appropriate.
The organization shall evaluate its environmental performance and the effectiveness of the
environmental management system.
The organization shall communicate relevant environmental performance information both internally and externally, as identified in its communication process(es) and as required by its compliance obligations.
The organization shall retain appropriate documented information as evidence of the monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation results.

As per Annex A (Guidance on the use of ISO 14001:2015 standard) of ISO 14001:2015 standard it further explains:

When determining what should be monitored and measured, in addition to progress on environmental objectives, the organization should take into account its significant environmental aspects, compliance obligations and operational controls. The methods used by the organization to monitor and measure, analyse and evaluate should be defined in the environmental management system, in order to ensure that:
a) the timing of monitoring and measurement is coordinated with the need for analysis and evaluation results;
b) the results of monitoring and measurement are reliable, reproducible and traceable;
c) the analysis and evaluation are reliable and reproducible, and enable the organization to report trends.
The environmental performance analysis and evaluation results should be reported to those with responsibility and authority to initiate appropriate action.

1) The organization shall monitor, measure, analyse and evaluate its environmental performance.

Monitoring, measuring, analyzing, and evaluating environmental performance is a fundamental aspect of environmental management for organizations. This process is often a key component of environmental management systems (EMS), which provide a structured framework for organizations to manage their environmental impacts. Here’s what each of these components entails:

1. Monitoring: This involves the regular collection and recording of data related to an organization’s environmental aspects. Environmental aspects can include things like energy consumption, water usage, waste generation, emissions, and more. Monitoring helps in tracking changes over time and identifying trends, which can be critical in managing environmental impacts effectively.
2. Measuring: Measuring goes a step beyond monitoring by quantifying the data collected. For example, if you’re monitoring energy consumption, measuring would involve calculating the total energy used during a specific time period, typically in units like kilowatt-hours (kWh) or megajoules (MJ). Measuring provides a more precise understanding of the extent of environmental impacts.
3. Analysis: After collecting and measuring data, it’s crucial to analyze the information to gain insights. This involves examining the data for patterns, discrepancies, or anomalies. Analysis can reveal areas where environmental performance is strong and where improvements are needed. It also helps in identifying the root causes of environmental issues.
4. Evaluation: Evaluation involves assessing the organization’s environmental performance against established objectives, targets, and regulatory requirements. Organizations typically set specific environmental goals and targets as part of their environmental management efforts. The evaluation process helps determine whether these goals and targets are being met and if corrective actions are needed.

The purpose of monitoring, measuring, analyzing, and evaluating environmental performance is multifaceted:

• Compliance: It ensures that the organization complies with relevant environmental laws and regulations.
• Continuous Improvement: It identifies opportunities for reducing environmental impacts, optimizing resource use, and enhancing overall sustainability.
• Transparency: It demonstrates the organization’s commitment to environmental responsibility and transparency to stakeholders, including customers, regulators, and the public.
• Risk Management: It helps in identifying and mitigating environmental risks, which can range from regulatory fines to reputational damage.
• Goal Achievement: It assesses progress toward achieving environmental goals and objectives, allowing for adjustments as needed to stay on track.
• Reporting: It provides data for environmental reports, which may be required for regulatory compliance or voluntary disclosure to stakeholders.

Overall, monitoring, measuring, analyzing, and evaluating environmental performance is a systematic approach that supports an organization’s efforts to minimize its environmental footprint, improve sustainability, and meet its environmental responsibilities. To effectively monitor, measure, analyze, and evaluate environmental performance, organizations should follow a structured process. Here are the steps they should take:

• Determine specific environmental objectives and targets that align with the organization’s overall environmental goals and compliance requirements. These could include reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste, or decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Identify and prioritize the environmental aspects and impacts associated with the organization’s activities, products, and services. These aspects could include water usage, emissions, resource consumption, and more.
• Choose appropriate KPIs to measure and monitor the identified environmental aspects. KPIs should be quantifiable, relevant, and aligned with the objectives and targets set in step 1. Common KPIs include energy usage, water consumption, waste generation, and emissions levels.
• Implement data collection processes to regularly gather information related to the selected KPIs. This may involve installing meters, sensors, or monitoring systems, as well as manual data entry where necessary.
• Measure the collected data at regular intervals (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly) and record the results. Ensure accuracy and consistency in data collection and recording processes.
• Analyze the collected data to identify trends, patterns, and variations. Use statistical analysis and other tools to assess the performance against established objectives and targets. This analysis can help pinpoint areas where improvements are needed.
• Compare the analyzed data to the objectives and targets set in step 1. Determine whether the organization is meeting its environmental performance goals. Identify any gaps or discrepancies between actual performance and desired outcomes.
• If environmental performance is falling short of targets, investigate the root causes. Understanding why certain environmental impacts are occurring is crucial for developing effective corrective actions.
• Develop and implement action plans to address identified issues and improve environmental performance. These actions may involve process changes, resource optimization, technology upgrades, or training programs.
• Continuously monitor the progress of corrective and preventive actions to ensure they are effective in improving environmental performance. Adjust action plans as needed based on ongoing monitoring and analysis.
• Share environmental performance data and progress with relevant stakeholders, including employees, management, regulators, and the public, as appropriate. Transparency is key to building trust and accountability.
• Periodically review the entire monitoring and evaluation process to identify areas for improvement. Continuously update objectives, targets, and KPIs to reflect changing circumstances, regulations, and organizational priorities.
• Ensure that employees and relevant stakeholders are educated and aware of their roles and responsibilities in environmental performance monitoring and improvement.
• Maintain thorough records of all data, analysis, actions taken, and communications related to environmental performance. Proper documentation is essential for accountability and auditing purposes.

By following these steps, organizations can establish a robust environmental management system that promotes continuous improvement and responsible environmental stewardship. Additionally, adhering to recognized standards such as ISO 14001 can provide a structured framework for implementing these processes effectively.

2) The organization shall determine what needs to be monitored and measured

In the context of an Environmental Management System (EMS), it is the responsibility of the organization to determine what needs to be monitored and measured. This determination is a fundamental step in developing and implementing an effective EMS. Here’s how organizations typically go about this process:

• Begin by identifying and listing the environmental aspects and impacts associated with your organization’s activities, products, and services. These aspects are the elements of your operations that can have an environmental effect, either positive or negative. They can include energy use, water consumption, waste generation, emissions, and more.
• Once you’ve identified these aspects, assess their significance. Consider factors such as the magnitude of the impact, the frequency of occurrence, and the potential harm or benefits they may have on the environment. This evaluation helps prioritize which aspects to focus on.
• Identify relevant environmental laws, regulations, and permits that apply to your organization. These requirements often specify what aspects and impacts must be monitored and reported.
• Consider the expectations and concerns of your stakeholders, including customers, employees, local communities, and regulatory authorities. Their input can help determine what aspects and impacts are of interest or importance to them.
• Establish specific environmental objectives and targets based on your identified aspects and their significance. Objectives are the goals you want to achieve, and targets are the specific measurable steps to reach those goals.
• Choose appropriate KPIs to monitor and measure progress toward your objectives and targets. KPIs should align with the aspects and impacts you’ve identified. For example, if your objective is to reduce energy consumption, a relevant KPI could be kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity used.
• Clearly document the procedures for monitoring and measurement, including who is responsible for data collection, how often it will be collected, the methods and equipment used, and where the data will be recorded.
• Put the monitoring and measurement plan into action. Start collecting data according to the established schedule and methods.
• Regularly analyze the data collected and evaluate your organization’s performance against the objectives and targets. Use this analysis to identify trends, areas for improvement, and opportunities for reducing environmental impacts.
• Based on the results of your analysis, implement corrective and preventive actions to improve your organization’s environmental performance. This is a key component of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle used in EMS.
• Periodically review your monitoring and measurement plan, environmental aspects, objectives, and targets to ensure they remain relevant and aligned with your organization’s goals and changing circumstances.

By following these steps, organizations can tailor their monitoring and measurement efforts to their specific environmental objectives and the aspects that are most relevant to their operations, thereby promoting effective environmental management and sustainability. What specifically needs to be monitored and measured may vary depending on the nature of the organization’s activities and its environmental objectives, but here are some common categories of things that organizations typically monitor and measure:

1. Energy Consumption:
   • Electricity, gas, and fuel usage within the organization’s facilities and operations.
   • Energy efficiency improvements over time.
2. Water Usage:
   • Total water consumption for various purposes (e.g., industrial processes, cooling, sanitation).
   • Water quality parameters, if relevant.
3. Waste Generation:
   • Types and quantities of waste generated (e.g., hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste, recyclables).
   • Waste reduction and recycling rates.
4. Emissions:
   • Greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide).
   • Air pollutant emissions (e.g., sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter).
   • Water discharges and effluent quality.
5. Resource Use:
   • Raw material consumption (e.g., paper, metals, chemicals).
   • Natural resource consumption (e.g., forests, minerals).
6. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health:
   • Impact on local ecosystems and biodiversity, if relevant to the organization’s operations.
7. Compliance with Environmental Regulations:
   • Tracking and documenting compliance with local, regional, and national environmental laws and regulations.
8. Environmental Incidents:
   • Recording and analyzing environmental incidents such as spills, leaks, and accidents.
   • Response and mitigation efforts in case of incidents.
9. Environmental Audits and Inspections:
   • Results of internal and external environmental audits and inspections.
10. Environmental Performance Indicators (KPIs):
    • Specific key performance indicators (KPIs) established by the organization to measure progress toward environmental objectives and targets. These could be related to energy efficiency, waste reduction, emissions reduction, etc.
11. Environmental Costs:
    • Tracking and reporting on the costs associated with environmental initiatives, compliance, and remediation efforts.
12. Community and Stakeholder Feedback:
    • Input and feedback from local communities, customers, and stakeholders regarding environmental concerns or expectations.
13. Environmental Risks and Opportunities:
    • Identifying and assessing environmental risks (e.g., regulatory changes, supply chain vulnerabilities) and opportunities (e.g., resource efficiency improvements, product innovation) that could impact the organization.
14. Employee Training and Awareness:
    • Monitoring employee training and awareness programs related to environmental issues and responsibilities.
15. Sustainability Reporting:
    • Preparing reports on environmental performance for internal and external stakeholders, which may include sustainability reports following recognized reporting frameworks like GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) or CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project).

It’s important for organizations to determine which of these aspects are most relevant to their operations and to establish clear objectives, targets, and key performance indicators (KPIs) for monitoring and measurement as part of their EMS. The data collected through monitoring and measurement processes is essential for making informed decisions, tracking progress, and continually improving environmental performance.

3) The organization shall determine the methods for monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation, as applicable, to ensure valid results;

it is the responsibility of the organization to determine the methods for monitoring, measurement, analysis, and evaluation (MMAE) within their Environmental Management System (EMS). Here’s a step-by-step approach to determining these methods:

• Begin by identifying and listing the environmental aspects and impacts associated with your organization’s activities, products, and services. These aspects are the elements of your operations that can have an environmental effect, either positive or negative.
• Assess the significance of each environmental aspect. Consider factors such as the magnitude of the impact, the frequency of occurrence, and the potential harm or benefits they may have on the environment. This evaluation helps prioritize which aspects to focus on.
• Establish specific environmental objectives and targets based on your identified aspects and their significance. Objectives are the goals you want to achieve, and targets are the specific measurable steps to reach those goals.
• Choose appropriate KPIs to monitor and measure progress toward your objectives and targets. KPIs should align with the aspects and impacts you’ve identified. For example, if your objective is to reduce energy consumption, a relevant KPI could be kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity used.
• Determine what data you need to collect to measure the selected KPIs. Consider the frequency of data collection, the methods to be used, and the locations where data will be gathered.
• Research and assess the various methods available for monitoring and measurement. Consider the following factors:
  • Accuracy and precision of the method.
  • Availability of equipment and technology.
  • Cost-effectiveness.
  • Relevance to your specific environmental aspects.
  • Regulatory compliance.
  • Data reliability and reproducibility.
• Document the selected methods for monitoring and measurement in your EMS documentation. This documentation should include detailed procedures for data collection, measurement, analysis, and evaluation.
• Put the documented methods into practice. Ensure that the personnel responsible for monitoring and measurement are trained and equipped to carry out these activities effectively.
• Regularly review the effectiveness of the chosen methods and make adjustments as needed. This may involve updating methods, equipment, or procedures based on changing circumstances or technological advancements.
• Implement data validation and quality assurance processes to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the collected data.
• Maintain thorough records of all monitoring and measurement activities, including procedures, results, and any corrective actions taken.
• Ensure that relevant stakeholders are informed about the chosen methods and the results obtained through monitoring and measurement. This may involve reporting to regulatory authorities, employees, or the public, as appropriate.

By following these steps, organizations can establish a robust and tailored approach to MMAE within their EMS, ensuring that the chosen methods are suitable for their specific environmental goals and requirements.The choice of methods for monitoring, measurement, analysis, and evaluation (MMAE) in an Environmental Management System (EMS) should align with the organization’s specific objectives, the nature of its activities, and the environmental aspects it has identified as significant. To ensure valid results, it’s important to select appropriate methods that provide accurate and reliable data. Here are some common methods and considerations for each step of MMAE in an EMS:

1. Monitoring Methods:

• Direct Measurements: Use instruments and equipment to directly measure quantities such as energy consumption, water usage, emissions, and waste generation. For example, energy meters, flow meters, and air quality monitors.
• Sampling: Collect samples of air, water, soil, or waste for laboratory analysis. Sampling should follow established protocols and be representative of the environmental aspect being measured.
• Data Logging: Implement data logging systems to continuously record data over time. This is especially useful for variables that change frequently, such as temperature or humidity.
• Remote Sensing: Employ remote sensing technologies like satellite imagery or drones for monitoring larger environmental impacts or changes in remote areas.

2. Measurement Methods:

• Quantitative Analysis: Perform quantitative analysis using appropriate techniques and equipment, such as gas chromatography or spectrophotometry for chemical analyses.
• Weighing and Counting: Measure quantities by weighing materials (e.g., waste) or counting items (e.g., wildlife observations).
• Surveys and Questionnaires: Collect data through surveys or questionnaires to gauge stakeholder perceptions, employee knowledge, or other qualitative information.

3. Analysis Methods:

• Statistical Analysis: Use statistical tools and software to analyze data, identify trends, calculate averages, standard deviations, and correlations.
• Data Visualization: Create graphs, charts, and visual representations of data to aid in identifying patterns and making data-driven decisions.
• Comparative Analysis: Compare current data with historical data or benchmarks to assess progress and performance against objectives.

4. Evaluation Methods:

• Environmental Risk Assessment: Conduct risk assessments to evaluate the potential environmental risks and impacts of various activities and projects.
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Use LCA methodologies to assess the environmental impacts of products or processes across their entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal.
• Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA): Assess the environmental and financial costs and benefits of specific actions or projects to determine their feasibility and impact.
• Checklist and Compliance Audits: Perform internal audits or checklists to evaluate compliance with legal requirements and EMS procedures.
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Conduct EIAs for major projects to assess their potential impacts on the environment and to propose mitigation measures.

4) The organization shall determine the criteria against which the organization will evaluate its environmental performance, and appropriate indicators;

The determination of criteria and indicators against which an organization will evaluate its environmental performance is a crucial step in developing and implementing an effective Environmental Management System (EMS). This process involves tailoring the assessment to the organization’s specific objectives, goals, and the nature of its operations. Here’s how an organization can go about determining these criteria and indicators:

• Begin by clearly defining your organization’s environmental objectives and targets. These objectives should align with your overall environmental goals and reflect what you aim to achieve in terms of environmental performance.
• Identify and list the environmental aspects and impacts associated with your organization’s activities, products, and services. These aspects represent the environmental elements affected by your operations.
• Assess the significance of each environmental aspect to determine which ones have the most substantial impact on the environment. Consider factors such as the magnitude, frequency, and potential harm or benefits associated with each aspect.
• Engage with stakeholders, including employees, customers, regulators, local communities, and other interested parties, to gather their perspectives on what environmental criteria and indicators are important to them.
• Ensure that your criteria include compliance with relevant environmental laws and regulations as a fundamental aspect of your evaluation. This may involve specific indicators related to compliance status and adherence.
• Research industry-specific best practices, standards, and benchmarks to identify commonly used criteria and indicators that align with your organization’s sector and activities.
• Based on your objectives, stakeholder input, significance assessment, and regulatory requirements, establish specific criteria that will serve as benchmarks for evaluating your environmental performance.
• Select appropriate indicators that align with each criterion. Indicators should be quantifiable, measurable, and relevant to your organization’s goals and objectives.
• Make sure your criteria and associated indicators meet the SMART criteria: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. This ensures that they are clear, actionable, and meaningful.
• Document the chosen criteria and indicators in your EMS documentation. Include a description of each criterion, the associated indicator(s), and any specific targets or thresholds.
• Establish processes for monitoring and measuring the chosen indicators. Define how often data will be collected, who is responsible for data collection, and what methods or tools will be used.
• Regularly analyze and evaluate your organization’s performance against the established criteria and indicators. Use this analysis to track progress, identify areas for improvement, and make informed decisions.
• Periodically review and adjust your criteria and indicators to ensure they remain relevant and aligned with your organization’s evolving goals and priorities.
• Share the results of your environmental performance evaluations with stakeholders, both internally and externally, as appropriate. This fosters transparency and accountability.

By following these steps, organizations can develop a tailored set of criteria and indicators that enable them to assess their environmental performance effectively and make informed decisions to improve their environmental impact and sustainability. Here are common criteria and appropriate indicators:

1. Regulatory Compliance:
   • Criteria: Adherence to local, regional, and national environmental laws and regulations.
   • Indicators: Number of regulatory violations, fines, or penalties; frequency of non-compliance incidents; status of permits and licenses.
2. Environmental Objectives and Targets:
   • Criteria: Achievement of the organization’s set objectives and targets.
   • Indicators: Progress toward objectives (e.g., percentage of reduction in energy consumption, waste generation, or emissions); completion of target milestones.
3. Resource Efficiency:
   • Criteria: Efficient use of resources such as energy, water, and raw materials.
   • Indicators: Energy intensity (e.g., kWh per unit produced); water use efficiency; material efficiency (e.g., waste-to-product ratio).
4. Emissions and Pollution Control:
   • Criteria: Reduction in emissions, pollutants, and contaminants.
   • Indicators: Greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., CO₂); air pollutant emissions (e.g., NOx, SOx); water pollutant discharges; waste reduction rates.
5. Energy Management:
   • Criteria: Efficient use of energy resources and a shift toward renewable energy sources.
   • Indicators: Percentage of energy from renewable sources; energy consumption per unit of production; energy cost savings.
6. Waste Management:
   • Criteria: Reduction, recycling, and responsible disposal of waste.
   • Indicators: Percentage of waste recycled; waste diversion rate from landfills; hazardous waste management compliance
7. Water Management:
   • Criteria: Responsible water use and management, including reduction in consumption and impact on local water sources.
   • Indicators: Water consumption per unit produced; water recycling and reuse rates; water quality assessments.
8. Biodiversity and Habitat Protection:
   • Criteria: Preservation and enhancement of local ecosystems and biodiversity.
   • Indicators: Habitat restoration projects; wildlife population surveys; conservation area expansion.
9. Stakeholder Engagement:
   • Criteria: Effective communication and engagement with stakeholders on environmental matters.
   • Indicators: Frequency and quality of stakeholder interactions; feedback from surveys and consultations.
10. Environmental Training and Awareness:
    • Criteria: Employee knowledge and awareness of environmental responsibilities.
    • Indicators: Number of employees trained; participation in environmental awareness programs.
11. Emergency Preparedness and Response:
    • Criteria: Capability to respond to environmental incidents effectively.
    • Indicators: Response times to environmental incidents; effectiveness of response actions; lessons learned from incidents.
12. Risk Management:
    • Criteria: Identification and mitigation of environmental risks and opportunities.
    • Indicators: Number of identified risks and opportunities; effectiveness of risk mitigation measures.
13. Customer and Supplier Sustainability:
    • Criteria: Promoting sustainability among customers and suppliers.
    • Indicators: Adoption of sustainable products or services by customers; supplier sustainability assessments.
14. Cost Savings and Economic Performance:
    • Criteria: Achieving cost savings through environmental initiatives.
    • Indicators: Monetary savings from energy efficiency projects, waste reduction, or resource optimization.
15. Social Responsibility and Community Impact:
    • Criteria: Positive social impacts and community engagement.
    • Indicators: Community partnerships and initiatives; contributions to local environmental and social causes.

The specific criteria and indicators used will depend on the organization’s industry, size, location, and environmental objectives. These criteria and indicators should be measurable, relevant, and regularly monitored and evaluated to track progress, identify areas for improvement, and report on environmental performance to stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and the public.

5) The organization shall determine when the monitoring and measuring shall be performed

The monitoring and measuring of an Environmental Management System (EMS) should be performed by the organization according to a defined schedule and frequency. The timing and frequency of monitoring and measurement activities can vary based on several factors, including the organization’s objectives, the nature of its operations, regulatory requirements, and the environmental aspects it has identified. Here are some key considerations for when monitoring and measuring activities should take place:

• Many monitoring and measurement activities are conducted on a regular and periodic basis. For example, energy consumption may be measured monthly, emissions may be monitored quarterly, and waste generation may be tracked weekly. The frequency should be determined based on the significance of the aspect being measured and the organization’s objectives.
• Some environmental aspects may require continuous monitoring. This is often the case for critical processes where real-time data is essential for immediate response and control. For instance, air quality monitoring in a manufacturing facility may be continuous to ensure compliance with emission limits.
• Monitoring and measurement may also be triggered by specific events or circumstances. For example, in the event of an environmental incident, such as a spill or leak, immediate monitoring and measurement would be necessary to assess the impact and take appropriate actions.
• In addition to regular monitoring, organizations should conduct scheduled reviews of their EMS to evaluate its overall effectiveness and compliance. These reviews typically occur at planned intervals, such as annually, and involve a comprehensive assessment of all EMS components.
• When an organization undertakes new initiatives, projects, or changes in its operations that could impact the environment, monitoring and measurement activities should be integrated into the project plan from the outset. This ensures that environmental performance is considered from the beginning.
• External audits and regulatory inspections may require organizations to perform monitoring and measurement activities as part of compliance checks. These may occur at irregular intervals but should be well-documented and prepared for in advance.
• Monitoring and measurement activities related to emergency response, such as checking air quality during a fire incident, should be carried out immediately when an emergency situation arises.
• Data validation and verification activities may be conducted as needed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of monitoring and measurement data. This can include spot checks or assessments in response to data anomalies or uncertainties.

It’s important to establish a clear schedule and procedures for monitoring and measurement in the organization’s EMS documentation. This schedule should be based on the organization’s objectives, targets, and the specific requirements of the environmental aspects being monitored. Additionally, it’s essential to review and update the monitoring and measurement plan periodically to reflect changes in operations, regulatory requirements, and environmental objectives.

6) The organization shall determine when the results from monitoring and measurement shall be analysed and evaluated.

The results from monitoring and measurement of an Environmental Management System (EMS) should be analyzed and evaluated by the organization on a regular and systematic basis. The specific timing for analysis and evaluation can vary depending on the nature of the EMS activities, the organization’s objectives, and regulatory requirements. Here are some general guidelines:

• Continuous or regular analysis is often necessary for monitoring data that provides real-time or near-real-time information. For example, if your organization is continuously monitoring air emissions, you would analyze this data regularly to ensure compliance with emissions limits.
• For data collected at regular intervals (e.g., monthly, quarterly, annually), organizations typically conduct periodic analysis. This allows for tracking trends over time and comparing data to predefined objectives and targets. The frequency of periodic analysis should align with the significance of the aspect being measured.
• Organizations should conduct scheduled reviews of their EMS at planned intervals, such as annually. These reviews involve a comprehensive assessment of all EMS components, including the analysis of monitoring and measurement data. The results of these reviews inform decision-making and improvement efforts.
• Analysis and evaluation may also be triggered by specific events or circumstances, such as environmental incidents or changes in operations. In such cases, immediate analysis is necessary to assess the impact and determine appropriate actions.
• Analysis and evaluation should be closely tied to the organization’s environmental objectives and targets. When objectives are met, exceed expectations, or fall short, analysis should follow to understand the underlying reasons and inform future actions.
• Data validation and verification should be performed as needed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of monitoring and measurement data. This can include spot checks, audits, or assessments of data quality.
• The organization should have a process for continuously improving its environmental performance. This involves ongoing analysis and evaluation to identify areas for improvement, corrective actions, and opportunities for optimization.
• In the event of environmental incidents, immediate analysis and evaluation are crucial to assess the impact, determine root causes, and implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence.
• EMS results, including analysis and evaluation findings, should be presented to top management during scheduled management review meetings. This helps in making informed decisions about resource allocation and strategic direction.
• Organizations may also analyze and evaluate EMS results for reporting purposes. This includes communicating environmental performance to internal and external stakeholders, such as employees, customers, regulators, and the public.

It’s essential for organizations to establish clear procedures and responsibilities for the analysis and evaluation of EMS results. Documented processes should outline who is responsible for conducting the analysis, how often it should occur, what data should be considered, and how the results will be used to inform decision-making and drive continual improvement efforts within the organization.

7) The organization shall ensure that calibrated or verified monitoring and measurement equipment is used and maintained, as appropriate.

Ensuring that monitoring and measurement equipment is calibrated or verified, and properly maintained is a critical aspect of an effective Environmental Management System (EMS). This practice is essential to obtain accurate and reliable data, which is fundamental for assessing environmental performance, meeting compliance requirements, and making informed decisions. Here are the key steps and considerations:

• Begin by identifying all monitoring and measurement equipment used within your organization’s EMS. This includes instruments, devices, meters, sensors, data loggers, and any other equipment used to collect environmental data.
• Develop a calibration or verification schedule that outlines when each piece of equipment needs to be calibrated or verified. The frequency of calibration should be based on factors such as equipment type, manufacturer recommendations, and regulatory requirements.
• Establish clear procedures for calibrating or verifying equipment. These procedures should specify the calibration standards to be used, the methods and techniques to follow, and the acceptable tolerance limits for accuracy.
• Ensure that personnel responsible for calibration and verification activities are properly trained and qualified to perform these tasks accurately. Calibration should be carried out by competent individuals or accredited calibration services.
• Maintain detailed records of all calibration and verification activities, including dates, results, and any adjustments made to the equipment. These records serve as evidence of compliance and provide a history of equipment performance.
• Regularly inspect and maintain monitoring and measurement equipment to ensure it remains in good working condition. Proper handling and storage are also essential to prevent damage or drift in accuracy.
• Ensure that calibration standards used for equipment calibration are traceable to national or international measurement standards, where applicable. This provides a known reference for accuracy.
• Establish procedures for dealing with equipment that falls out of tolerance during calibration or verification. Such equipment should be taken out of service, adjusted, repaired, or replaced as necessary.
• Clearly label calibrated equipment with calibration or verification dates, the next due date, and any relevant identification or serial numbers. This labeling helps track equipment status.
• Conduct a risk assessment to identify critical equipment that has a significant impact on environmental monitoring. Prioritize the calibration and maintenance of these critical items.
• Consider how to handle equipment failures or out-of-tolerance situations during emergency response situations. Contingency plans for ensuring data integrity are important.
• Periodically audit your calibration and verification processes to ensure compliance with procedures and standards. Additionally, review your equipment records to identify trends and potential issues.
• Present equipment calibration and maintenance data to top management during management review meetings. This ensures that equipment-related issues and resource needs are addressed at the strategic level.

By implementing a robust system for the calibration, verification, and maintenance of monitoring and measurement equipment, organizations can rely on accurate data to drive informed decisions, maintain regulatory compliance, and effectively manage their environmental performance within their EMS.

8) The organization shall evaluate its environmental performance and the effectiveness of the environmental management system.

Evaluating environmental performance and the effectiveness of the Environmental Management System (EMS) is a crucial requirement in environmental management standards such as ISO 14001. This evaluation process allows organizations to assess their progress, identify areas for improvement, and ensure that their environmental objectives and targets are being met. Here’s how organizations can carry out this evaluation:

• Define specific criteria against which environmental performance and EMS effectiveness will be assessed. These criteria should align with the organization’s environmental objectives, regulatory requirements, and other relevant factors.
• Collect relevant data related to environmental aspects, compliance, and performance indicators. This may include monitoring and measurement data, audit findings, incident reports, and stakeholder feedback. Analyze this data to assess performance against the established criteria.
• Conduct periodic reviews of environmental performance and EMS effectiveness. The frequency of these reviews should be determined by the organization based on its objectives and the significance of its environmental aspects.
• Present the results of the environmental performance and EMS effectiveness evaluation to top management during management review meetings. This provides an opportunity for leadership to assess the organization’s performance and make informed decisions.
• Based on the evaluation results, identify areas where corrective actions are needed to address non-conformities, non-compliances, or areas of improvement. Implement these actions to rectify deficiencies and prevent recurrence.
• Use the evaluation process to drive continual improvement within the organization. This includes identifying opportunities to enhance environmental performance, streamline processes, and strengthen the EMS.
• Maintain thorough documentation of the evaluation process, including the criteria used, data collected, analysis results, and actions taken. This documentation serves as evidence of compliance and progress.
• Engage with relevant stakeholders, including employees, customers, regulators, and local communities, to gather feedback and input regarding environmental performance and EMS effectiveness. Consider this feedback during the evaluation process.
• Evaluate the organization’s progress toward achieving its environmental objectives and targets. Determine if revisions to these objectives and targets are necessary based on the evaluation findings.
• Assess the organization’s compliance with relevant environmental laws, regulations, and permits. Identify any instances of non-compliance and take corrective actions as needed.
• Communicate the results of the evaluation to internal and external stakeholders as appropriate. Transparency in reporting environmental performance is often a key element of EMS effectiveness.
• Ensure that employees and relevant personnel are aware of the results of the evaluation and any changes or improvements that need to be implemented. This may require additional training or communication efforts.

By conducting regular and systematic evaluations of environmental performance and EMS effectiveness, organizations can maintain their commitment to environmental stewardship, compliance, and continuous improvement. This process helps ensure that environmental objectives are met and that the EMS remains a valuable tool for managing and mitigating environmental impacts.

9) The organization shall communicate relevant environmental performance information both internally and externally, as identified in its communication process(es) and as required by its compliance obligations.

Communicating relevant environmental performance information is a critical component of an effective Environmental Management System (EMS) and is often mandated by environmental standards and regulations such as ISO 14001. This communication serves to promote transparency, engage stakeholders, and demonstrate the organization’s commitment to environmental responsibility. Here’s how an organization can fulfill this requirement:

1. Identify Relevant Environmental Performance Information: Determine what environmental performance information is relevant to your organization. This information should align with your environmental objectives, aspects, and the interests of your stakeholders.
2. Establish Communication Processes: Develop clear and documented communication processes within your EMS. These processes should outline:
   • What information will be communicated.
   • To whom it will be communicated.
   • When and how it will be communicated.
   • The responsible individuals or departments for communication.
3. Internal Communication:
   • Management and Employees: Share environmental performance information with all levels of management and employees within the organization. This includes updates on progress toward environmental objectives and targets, compliance status, and any changes to environmental practices and procedures.
   • Training and Awareness: Use internal communication channels to provide training and raise awareness among employees about their roles and responsibilities in achieving environmental goals and objectives.
4. External Communication:
   • Regulatory Authorities: Ensure compliance with regulatory reporting requirements by providing the necessary environmental data and reports to relevant governmental agencies.
   • Customers and Suppliers: Communicate your environmental performance to customers and suppliers, especially if your environmental efforts impact the products or services you provide or receive. Highlighting your commitment to sustainability can be a competitive advantage.
   • Local Communities: Engage with local communities to inform them about your organization’s environmental practices, impacts, and any community outreach or environmental stewardship initiatives.
   • Stakeholders: Communicate with stakeholders such as environmental organizations, industry groups, and other interested parties to share relevant environmental information and address their concerns or questions.
5. Compliance Obligations:Ensure that you are meeting your compliance obligations related to environmental communication. This may include regular reporting to regulatory authorities or providing information requested during inspections or audits.
6. Reporting and Documentation:Maintain thorough documentation of all environmental performance information communicated, including reports, records, and any responses or actions taken as a result of the communication.
7. Transparency and Accuracy:Ensure that the information you communicate is accurate, complete, and transparent. Avoid greenwashing or misrepresentation of your environmental performance.
8. Stakeholder Engagement: Encourage two-way communication with stakeholders. Listen to their feedback, concerns, and suggestions regarding your environmental performance and practices.
9. Continuous Improvement: Use the feedback received from both internal and external stakeholders to drive continuous improvement in your environmental management practices.
10. Public Reporting: If applicable and in line with your organization’s goals, consider public reporting through sustainability reports, environmental disclosures, or other means to showcase your environmental achievements and commitment to stakeholders and the public.

By establishing robust communication processes and sharing relevant environmental performance information both internally and externally, organizations can enhance their environmental reputation, foster stakeholder trust, and contribute to their broader environmental and sustainability goals.

10) The organization shall retain appropriate documented information as evidence of the monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation results.

outlines the requirements related to monitoring and measuring environmental performance in an Environmental Management System (EMS). As part of compliance with this clause, organizations are required to maintain specific documents and records to demonstrate their adherence to these requirements. Here are the key documents and records typically associated with ISO 14001:2015 Clause 9.1:

Documents:

1. Environmental Aspects and Impacts Register: This document identifies and evaluates the environmental aspects and impacts associated with the organization’s activities, products, and services. It should include information on how the organization determines the significance of these aspects.
2. Environmental Objectives and Targets: Document the organization’s environmental objectives and targets, which are established to drive environmental performance improvement. These objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
3. Monitoring and Measurement Plan: This document outlines the organization’s plan for monitoring and measuring key environmental aspects and performance indicators. It should specify what will be monitored, how it will be monitored, the frequency of monitoring, and who is responsible for the monitoring.
4. Calibration and Verification Procedures: Detail the procedures and methods used for the calibration or verification of monitoring and measurement equipment. These procedures should ensure the accuracy and reliability of data.
5. Emergency Response Plan: If applicable, document the organization’s emergency response plan, which includes procedures for responding to environmental incidents, accidents, and emergencies. This plan should include triggers for monitoring and measuring during such events.

Records:

1. Monitoring and Measurement Data: Maintain records of data collected through monitoring and measurement activities. This may include records related to energy consumption, emissions, water usage, waste generation, and other relevant environmental performance indicators.
2. Calibration and Verification Records: Keep records of calibration and verification activities for monitoring and measurement equipment. These records should include calibration certificates, dates of calibration, and any adjustments made.
3. Results of Analysis and Evaluation: Document the results of the analysis and evaluation of monitoring and measurement data. This includes records of assessments of environmental performance against objectives, targets, and criteria established by the organization.
4. Corrective and Preventive Action Records: If non-conformities or deviations are identified through the monitoring and measurement process, maintain records of corrective and preventive actions taken to address these issues.
5. Management Review Records: Keep records of management review meetings, including minutes, agendas, and action items related to the monitoring, measurement, analysis, and evaluation of environmental performance and the EMS.
6. Audit Records: If internal or external environmental audits are conducted, maintain records of audit reports, findings, and corrective actions resulting from the audits.
7. Training Records: Document records of training and awareness programs related to monitoring and measurement activities, ensuring that personnel involved in these activities are adequately trained and competent.
8. Documentation Control Records: Maintain records related to the control and management of all documents and records associated with monitoring, measurement, analysis, and evaluation to ensure their accuracy and integrity.

It’s important to note that the specific documents and records required may vary based on the organization’s size, complexity, and the nature of its activities. The key is to maintain a systematic and organized approach to document control and record-keeping to demonstrate compliance with ISO 14001:2015 Clause 9.1 and to facilitate effective environmental management.

Example of Monitoring and Measuring Plan for Energy Consumption

Objective: To monitor and measure energy consumption to reduce environmental impact and achieve energy efficiency goals as outlined in our EMS.

Environmental Aspect: Energy use

Performance Indicator: Kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity consumed per month

Criteria: Reduce energy consumption by 10% compared to the baseline year (Year 20XX) by Year 20XY.

Method of Measurement:

• Metering and Data Logging: Installation of energy meters at key energy usage points within the facility. Data loggers will be used to record energy consumption continuously.
• Utility Bills: Monthly utility bills from the electricity provider will be reviewed and cross-checked with metering data for accuracy.

Frequency of Monitoring:

• Continuous monitoring via data loggers for real-time data.
• Monthly verification and data cross-check with utility bills.
• Annual review of historical data to assess progress toward energy reduction targets.

Responsibilities:

• Facility Manager: Responsible for ensuring that energy meters are installed and properly maintained. Monitors data loggers for real-time data.
• Environmental Team: Reviews monthly utility bills and cross-checks with metering data for accuracy. Conducts annual reviews and assessments of energy consumption data.

Data Validation:

• Monthly data validation will be conducted to ensure data accuracy and reliability. Any discrepancies between metered data and utility bills will be investigated and resolved promptly.

Reporting:

• Monthly energy consumption reports will be generated and shared with the environmental team and facility manager.
• Annual reports on progress toward energy reduction targets will be presented during management review meetings.

Action Plan:

• In the event of significant deviations from the energy reduction targets, the environmental team will initiate corrective actions, including conducting energy audits, identifying energy-saving opportunities, and implementing energy-efficient measures.

Training:

• Facility staff responsible for monitoring energy consumption will receive training on the use of energy meters and data loggers.

Example of procedure for Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation of EMS

1. Purpose:

• To establish a systematic process for monitoring and measuring environmental performance, analyzing data, and evaluating the effectiveness of the EMS to achieve environmental objectives and targets.

2. Scope:

• This procedure applies to all activities, products, and services that have the potential to impact the environment within [Organization Name].

3. Responsibilities:

• Environmental Manager: Responsible for overseeing the overall implementation of this procedure and ensuring compliance with ISO 14001 requirements.
• Department Heads and Process Owners: Responsible for implementing monitoring and measurement activities within their respective areas of responsibility.
• Environmental Team: Responsible for data analysis, evaluation, and reporting.
• Management Team: Responsible for reviewing and acting on the results of the MMAE process during management review meetings.

4. Procedure:

4.1. Identification of Environmental Aspects and Impacts:

• The environmental team identifies and regularly reviews significant environmental aspects and impacts associated with the organization’s activities, products, and services. This includes considering legal and regulatory requirements.

4.2. Establishment of Objectives and Targets:

• Based on the identified aspects and impacts, environmental objectives and targets are established to drive environmental performance improvement. These objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).

4.3. Monitoring and Measurement:

• Monitoring and measurement activities are planned and implemented to collect relevant data on environmental performance indicators. This includes, but is not limited to, the following:
  • Energy consumption
  • Water usage
  • Waste generation
  • Emissions
  • Compliance with legal requirements

4.4. Data Collection and Validation:

• Collected data are validated for accuracy and reliability through regular checks and calibration of monitoring equipment. Any discrepancies are investigated and corrected.

4.5. Data Analysis:

• The environmental team conducts regular analysis of monitoring and measurement data to assess performance against objectives, targets, and environmental criteria. Trends, patterns, and opportunities for improvement are identified.

4.6. Evaluation of EMS Effectiveness:

• The management team reviews the results of the MMAE process during management review meetings to determine the effectiveness of the EMS and identify areas for improvement. This includes reviewing compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.

4.7. Corrective and Preventive Actions:

• Corrective and preventive actions are initiated when non-conformities, deviations from objectives, or opportunities for improvement are identified. These actions are documented, implemented, and monitored for effectiveness.

4.8. Communication and Reporting:

• Results of the MMAE process, including performance data and actions taken, are communicated both internally and externally, as required by compliance obligations and communication processes.

5. Records:

• Records related to the MMAE process, including monitoring and measurement data, analysis reports, corrective and preventive action records, and management review meeting minutes, are maintained in accordance with the organization’s documentation control procedures.

6. Training:

• Employees responsible for monitoring, measurement, analysis, and evaluation activities receive appropriate training to ensure competence in performing their tasks.

7. Continuous Improvement:

• The organization is committed to continual improvement of its EMS and environmental performance. Lessons learned from the MMAE process are used to drive ongoing improvement initiatives.